Relevant parameters for respiratory masks

0 Material composition

0.1 material thickness 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mm

0.1 flexibility 1, 3, 5 '80g paper sheet folding'

0.2 weave structure mesh and weave aren't same thing. Diamond weave, with lesser angle strictly greater than 0 degrees but smaller than 90 degrees

0.21 mesh size. 95 - Removes 95% of 0.15 micron radius upward particles, 99 obvious ditto, 100 stands for 99.7% ditto: So 100's are safer but not safe.

One reason for 0.15 micron relevance: this virus is roughly 0.1 microns, and travels enveloped in water. Its body (spikes ignored) however, is more like half this size, and the virus' effective size in a mesh/filter context is rather probably this smaller number, due to combination of flexible spokes and not being totally neutralized by partial spoke loss in passing through a mesh.

Q1 What would it take to block all fixed-sized particles?

Q2 What about drops passing through multiple pores before reforming on other side?

To Q1: `all' is very weakly bounded by quantum tunnelling probability; quantum effects generally negligible above 1 nm, with exp suppression factor.

0.2a ridge structure

0.2a.1 Ridge width and depth 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mm each

0.2a.2 Side of mask exhibiting ridges: outer, inner, both

0.2a.3 spacing between ridges

0.2a.4 ridge's own mesh shape: diamond, hexagonal, irregular

0.2a.5 Ridge clustering: on edges, on central bands, horizontal, vertical or diagonal emphasis, and how these clusters themselves form a yet larger mesh. Descriptions of cloth mesh, ridge mesh and ridge clustering include the symmetry group with some molecule/wallpaper/crystallographic addenda to the abstract group involving how the group acts in space relevant, for instance reflection versus inversion for the 2-group

0.2.a.6 Ridged frame rigidity, ridged cluster's large scale rigidity.

0.2.a.7 Flap of the cloth relative to the ridges, and bend of the ridges relative to the ridge clustering

0.3 mask softeness Relative abrasion: it versus skin

In case of there being inner ridges, abrasion of those, and coating material of ridges. This permits the ridge to be hard and yet not abrasive, provided that coat wear timescale is negligible compared to stated service time of the mask.

0.4 mask in an unallergic material

Polyester allergy is a thing, but many masks are in cotton or linen.

Allergies to textiles are quite often for secondary reasons like dyes, glues, or 'formaldehyde finishing resin'. Some can be avoided, and other such can be stated on mask packet under 'possible allergies'.

0.5 mask a hostile environment for germs, especially viruses.

The Independent say that linen is good in this regard. But is it optimal and what variety is there in linen, both antiseptically and as regards other properties on this list?

[Some surface types and material types have smaller half-lives than others] well documeted for metal and plastic, but what about for cloth?

0.6 mask waterproofness

0.7 effective mesh size when mask is wet. can a mask being wet enhance transmission across the mask of droplets, even if these just drip off the mask rather than being propelled away from the person?

0.8 spongicity: weight ratio of absorbed water to dry mask. Masks may be a bit too 2-d to exhibit this like a sponge. But 2-d can still trap drops even if these bulge or 'surface-run' relatve to a mask's thickness. Experiment: water up a mask, compare with an old sponge: old enough that it's ok to make a thin slice of it as an interpolatory model.

0.9 Oil resistance, settings N - Not oil resistant, R - Resistant to oil, P - Oil Proof

This will have a different 'spongicity' due to different capillary constant and different cohesion properties

And what happens if a mask gets oily/greasy and wet at the same time? (These two materials repell each other, so does one largely adhere to the mask and drive the other one out?)

1 Unfolded

1.1 size, as quantified by area.

1.2 Unfolded shape: elongation ratio of rectangle. change in ridge separation and ridge clustering in unfolding

2. Straps

2.1 unstretched length

2.2 elasticity thesp mask elastic, reinforced elastic, inelastic (tie-able)

2.3 yielding strain

should be yield stress, or proof yield stress, meaning some percentage departure from Hooke-linearity far away from catastrophic material failure: Has value above zero. Stress = force/area and area is poorly estimated at home for the cross section of a string. But the mask has no problems taking 3 Newtons of force. One older mask will have weights hung from it iteratively, from 100 g to up to 5 kg if necessary. If the elastic does not deform under pinching, callipers are a tool for assessing width; if multiple directions' width coincides, the thread is circular cross section so area = pi x (width)^2/4

Update: an old £1 multipack mask exhibited proof strain for 5 newtons, and broke for 15 Newtons but not for 10 Newtons. So iterate between 10 and 15 Newtons for further precision. Its string was 0.2 by 0.3 mm elliptic, so use pi ab with a = 0.15 and b = 0.1. Remembering that the experimental configuration worked against two parallel copies of the cross section, this gives 1.5 x 10^8 Newtons per metre squared.

Observing the damage, the string is still functionally elastic with the same Hooke coefficient, so this ripped out the string's attachemnt to the mask rather than snapping the string. Thus the max value is used above, as a lower bound. And, at least for this mask type, mask-string attachment is a more critical parameter than yield stress of the string itself. Conclusion: the string is good enough to warrant invesitaging if attachement sewing length is proportionate to mask breakdown yield stress. This mask only has 0.4 mm of stitching per elastic-cloth contact point. Also, there is a sense in which the elastic, not the thread, failed, in that the much thinner tread shredded through the elastic at the given tension. Thicker thread would exert less pressure, and different threading pattern could support it differently. The mask easily has room for 5 to 10 times the stich-length at these contact points. Of course, other components such as the cloth or the elastic could fail if this threading were used so as to withstand 100-150 N.

A further question is what in an urban day is at all likely to cause 3 to 15 Newton forces to act on the mask. If these are already very unlikely, reinforcing the elastic-cloth threading would not be much of a priority...

2.4 static and dynamical sags due to each of gravity, motion relative to air, and brushing against other fabrics. The first was negligible for the above mask. For the second, suspend from a fixed rigid frame and expose to wind, observing sideways-on. Sag is probably not the best quantifier of mask-other fabrics interaction. Relative inertia and relative abrasion are. Scarves, coats... are 1 to 3 orders of magitude heavier, though a jointed lamina model has only some folds of a scarf, or say the coat lapel component interact. Even these are 1 or 2 orders of magnitude heavier.

We leave it to someone else to see extrent to which fabric relative abrasiveness has an analogue of geology's Mohs scale for which mineral-or-rock scratches which other.

3 Range of possible unfurled mask shapes

3.1 Model the head as an ellipsoid: 2 independent ratios of eigendirections.

3.2 Volume of the nose 10 cm^3 in an adult but 1 cm^3 in a baby, using volume of below tetrahaedron

3.3 tetrahaedron model of nose shape: 2 independent ratios of eigendirections.

3.3.1 timescale of steaming up of glasses 5 seconds

Some surface coatings for glasses are anti-steaming. Practical value of such coatings goes up during respirator pandemics

3.3.2 timescale of which vapour circulates out of glasses. 30 seconds, at 20 degrees C temperature and middling atmospheric humidity

3.4 Quantification of top gaps triangles of area 3 x 1/2 /2 = 3/4 cm^2 each

3.5 Quantification of side gaps Multiple trapeziums with total area not in excess of above top gaps

3.4.1 and 3.5.1 by area of gaps

3.4.2 and 3.5.2 by solid angle subtended by gaps Solid angle is hard to quantify in the vicinity of the nose and mouth: around a 10 cm uncertainty on where the centre is. That said, view the mask as covering half the field. It is 18 by 10 cm, whereas the above gaps are not in excess of 4 x 3/4 = 3 cm^2. So the proportion not covered is around 1 in 60. Half the field is 2 pi steradians. 1 in 60 of this is thus pi/ 30 approx 0.1 steradians.

3.4.3 and 3.5.3 by slit ratio length/width for each gap. This is 6 for the above top gaps, and more like 1 for each side gap.

4 Mask folds: determine how the mask unfurls.

4.1 Fold number This mask has 8 horizontal folds

4.2 average width of fold 1 cm

4.3 top margin to mask height ratio 0.14 of the unfurled centre-circumference fraction

4.4 bottom margin ditto 0.3 ditto

4.5 folds up versus folds down: the thicker margin is meant for the chin but the mask doesn't tell you this, at least not visibly.

Idea: temporarily print instructions on some free mass-distributed masks.

Idea: have extensively printed training masks for children (and newcomers, in the event of only some countries doing this, or in the event of social distancing being tied muc more to urban than rural life).

5 Clip component

5.1 Clip material what type of plastic? Any point to plastic-coated metal?

5.2 clip length 4 cm arclength

5.3 Parametrization of equilibrium clip shape Bezier curve through 3 points gets a better fit than the thickness of the clip material

5.4 pressure exerted by clip on face enough to leave a mark, but socks do that too. Less pressure than glasses supports exert. This might be sorted out by the clip being broader face-side, as supporting glasses is somewhat more strenuous and yet works better (more engineering experience, customer feedback at this point in time)

6 Deformation of mask due to presence of clip. It can permanently bend the upper support wire on the above mask. This is an example of above 'grid rigidity', though only for one unmeshed wire. The mask has no lower wire, but also has top and bottom thicker cloth support, serving also as anchorage for the elastic. This material did not tear when the 15 Newton force ripped the elastic out.

6.1 Suppression factor on 3.3.1 from using a clip component.

7 Wearing a ringed second layer to eliminate side gaps (top gaps are to first approximation taken care of by the nose clip)

Ring width, ring thickness, ring mass

8 Alteration of respiratory emission

8.1 Effect on average range The hand detects hot air forward at 5 cm with the mask, but 40 cm without

A mirror detects condensation 5 cm forward with but 20 cm forward without.

Q: But is this condensation of externally present vapour?

Partial-A: I get condensation with a mechanical blower, so this bathroom does have vapour pressure capable of condensing upon applying a heat-and-advection source.

Q: But that does not give a proportion of external to internal origin droplets.

Partial A: True, but it is a bathroom. So it has more vapour pressure than elsewhere in the house. So I repeat with a portable mirror in the bathroom and then compare the amount of vapour generated with positions elsewhere in the house and outdoors on a windless day. This reveals that my bathroom indeed has more vapour pressure. To test this further, one could assemble a sealed off 'dry room' with plenty of dessicant, and see if the mirror reveals any vapour now. But this is a tougher level of lab conditions than using a mirror as a detector, so by this point the mirror would likely be replaced by a more sensitive instrument as well.

Also the range difference of condensation in the bathroom - a factor of 8 - gives some bounds on the effect of the mask on expelled breath speed once across the mask. This acts by slamming the nascent vortices. Dissipating these produces heat; I can detect hotter air on the other side of the mask using a bath thermometer. This is frictional heating in the mask locally exceeding body temperature prior to quite rapid onset of cooling due to difference with ambient temperature. It feels very different to the hand: advective cooling without the mask to immersion in fairly stationary hot air upon rapidly breathing through the mask. The physics is too complicated for this range reduction quantification to be better than order-of-magnitude, so we say range of breath, and of heat carried by breath, is down by 1 order of magitude.

Neither method detects anything coming out of the back or side gaps.

8.2 Effect on droplet size spectrum

8.2.1 Fluid-mechanical to significantly kinetic-theoretical ratio of output, by volume.

8.3 Effect on solid-angle distribution of emission (2 continuous parameters: polar and azimuth)

In the above experiment, the aperture of the breath goes from around 20 degrees without the mask to more like 40 degrees with it. Solid area wise, this is a factor of 4 change. The idea that breath comes out of top or side gaps is debunked, at least to leading order of magnitude. Enough to condense one's glasses is not the same as a significant proportion of the whole.

The effect on coughing is not home measurable: no visible extras come out through the mask this way. A rough estimate then is that breath has 5 to 10 times less range but twice the usual width to that range, while blocking all large droplets. This comfortably lies within 1m social distancing, while the maskless version requires the full 2m.

A counterpoint is that people moving unexpecetedly crash into each other quite frequently at separations of 1 metre. They do not at 3 metres even under making large independent dodges such as avoiding hails of nerf darts. 400 hours of 6-person on average combat saw zero same-team collisions when formation width was 3 metres minimum. This places a weak bound at 3 metres for not bumping into each other.

The next stage here is people ot bumping into each other from 3 metres apart down to 1 metre apart, under the conditions of: walking only, only dodging people, and, a it more strenuously, taking evasive action in the presence of nearby unmasked coughers. The range of a cough being around 2 metres limits how far one would dodge in a 1 metre separation context: around 1 metre. The problem with this is the possible presence of a second person at 1 metre as well as the cougher. A 1 metre dodge in a random direction from a cough could cause of one to crash into a such. At 2 metres social distancing separation, on the other hand, there isn't much of a need to dodge coughing in the first place, and a freedom to dodge 1 metre is present, by oneself being the only person within 1 metre. Now you might bump someone else's outer circle, while not yourself coughing, but this is different from a contact bump in the 1 m social distancing setting.

It is rather plausible that 2 metres is sufficient for the above to work in open space.

It needs to be tested whether people bumping into each other round opaque corners is a bigger source of collisions than people dodging 1 metre while other people may be within 1 metre of them.

Tactics can be evoked to improve both moreover: cut corners wide versus maintain awareness of who is near you. The latter requires more tactics: maintain 360 degree vision, or pre-emptively avoid areas with current or near-future pile-ups. 360 vision is most easily maintained (on the short run) by rocking the head (the shaking head 'no' sign so as to regularly update on 360 degree surroundings rather than just the forward range of vision, which is somewhat less than half of the 360 degree field). 360 vision is easier to maintain still by a coordinated pair, since by looking in opposite directions almost all the field of vision is covered. Carrying a large reflection surface like a transparency pinned on a hand-held folder creates a giant rear-view mirror. This has three advantages over rocking. 1) on the long run it does not strain the neck. 2) it maintains forward vision at all time, by splitting the forward field into a relevant forward field and a lower down square tilted slightly upward that reflects the backward field. 3) It looks less agitated; most people won't be able to tell you are doing this, unless it is useful enough to become common knowledge. This folder trick done well requires understanding what part of the backward field your own body obstructs, to be dealt with by keeping the folder at say half arm's length away from your body. Its disadvantages are that you need a prop. And a waterproof folder that maintains flat shape well. The attachment needs to be waterproof. You have one hand less, which lowers capacity to carry shopping. This is doubly a problem if you need to use an umbrella, though using velcro permits such a folder and an umbrella to be held as a single attached object in one hand.

The tactics of using 3 or more hands while only having two are e.g. thus more relevant in a pandemic than at other times. Another example is puttingthe umbrella strap around your wrist when it is about to rain, so you are ready to unfurl the umbrella but right until then have two free hands. A further example is that latex gloves to avoid contagion tear. So one cannot carry heavy shopping with the hand one uses to push doors etc. So one wants to be able to stack light, non-tearing capacities onto the gloved hand's wrist. A yet further example is that catching on zips tears latex gloves, by which looking for your keys in your pocket can cost you a glove (possibly the last one you are carrying). This can be dealt with by wearing one's keys round one's neck: a hands-free access. This can be repeated with the rear vision folder: by using a clipboard on a loop that can be suspended round the neck or a shoulder when not in use, freeing the hand holding it. Perhaps with time, specialized approx 30 x 20 cm rear vision rectangles that are light, rigid, antiwet, and safe to collide against will become available, with adjustable strap to be shoulder or neck mounted when not in immediate use.

While ipads and phones are reflective also, they work in a lesser band of light intensities only, and require training to use as rear-mirrors (whereas the above 30 x 20 screens do not require training). Training is a function of area of the device, as well as of remembering to use it; unlike a car rear vision mirror, it isn't always rigidly present and thus itself a reminder to keep on using it. It takes most people 2 to 10 hours to learn to use an iphone as a rear vision device. This is easier than learning how to drive a car, but harder than any kind of induction or tech update for which a 1-hour class suffices. Those who can juggle, or do magic tricks, can quite often learn this skill faster.

(It is a substantially useful skill in toy weapons fighting because it eliminates being surprised from behind. In the absence of this trick, attacks from behind are responsible for around 25 percent of people being knocked out of battles, and as much as 70 percent of people being knocked out of open-terrain melees. The competing sources of demise are ambush round a corner, outnumber, and leave without space to manoeuvre in. Open terrain has no ambush round a corner component, and much less scope for leave without space to manoeuvre in, ie only 360 encircle rather than trap against a wall, back into a corner etc. While a veteran and a beginner can easily form a 360 vision pair in a big or many-sided battle, knowing and using the 360 vision mirror trick permits veterans to be much more unkillable in roles such as scout, skirmisher or guerrila. It is also a fallback option for when a veteran's newbie partner or squad is wiped out. Becuase of these things, some dozens of us here know this mirror trick, to the extent that we can reasonably reliably say that it takes most people 2 to 10 hours to learn this trick to the extent useable with a smaller-screen device in the pandemic cough-avoiding scenario.)

This can be experimented upon to some extent by coughing in a mask while lying down, to see if visible droplets land on the floor. None observed with the naked eye.

And also using a quality-silver handmirror to detect condensation, varying its position with angle. This method can be used to detect breath, by which it can be used to plot out solid angle not covered by a mask. This depends on mask type, face shape and whether a second ring and/or a clip are used. While that is a large parameter space, it is straightforward to sample with low point number and yet adapting the point distribtion to where there is action, e.g. sampling iteratively, and then cluster sampling around where action is observed, by which seeing 90 degree but not 80 or 100 degree emission results in probing 85, 95, 82.5, 92.5, which (this is hypothetical) seeing action results in iterating outward to find the edge of action and then sampling at every 0.2 degrees in the range of action. Note: the mirror is wide enough to get all this on, this is basically centring your instrument on an active direction. This is because handmirrors are around 7 cm across, and vapour detection is a '20 cm range' phenomenon, so basic trig yields that a 5 degree width beam lands entirely on a 3.5 cm radius mirror centred about the beam.

8.4 Further effect on previous 4 of nose clip

8.5 Further effect on previous 4 of ringed second layer.

8.6 Drip transmission rate across mask when mask is wet.

9 Extent to which one can breathe out of the mask

9.1 Oxygen influx

9.2 Carbon dioxide outflux

[Note: this is molecular mass 32 to 44. The material properties of a standard mask are unlikely to distinguish between these, or nitrogen, or, for that matter water vapour. This suggests that aerosol water will get out, but it can't carry viruses attached to it: that needs a droplet bigger than the virus, and the mesh size, material thickness can stop that.]

9.3 equilibrium vapour pressure inside mask compartment are there cheap gauges small enough to fit inside a mask fro testing purposes?

9.3.1 effect on breathing efficiency of this vapour pressure.

Measurement: test subject runner is losing 2/3rds of running range due to this effect, citing it as similar to 'wet suffocating air as sometimes experienced in rainforests'

9.3.1.1 Timescale of dispersal of water vapour from mask (amounting to 'taking a pit-stop with mask off in absense of passers-by) 1 second

9.3.1.2 Timescale on which a runner needs to make pitstops so as to not appreciably lose running range. 5 to 10 minutes

9.3.1.3 Average speed loss if a standard cyclist performs same manoeuvre (the runner is barely affected by the manoeuvre: several seconds loss of arm momentum) 20 seconds per stop at fast speed, 10 at cruising speed

10 Effect of facial hair on mask performance.

9.1 Beard length

9.2 Beard hair flexibility

9.3 Beard density Effective beard volume within the area covered by the mask would appear to be more relevant than any of the previous 3

9.4 Beard hair curl (parametrized by helical ratio).

[Experiment called for: investigate exactly how a beard affects statics, and then dynamics, of mask wearing.

Experiment called for: since some people have strong reasons not to shave their beards, whether second ring type approaches can stabilize the overall mask, and downward fluxes in the presence of a beard.

9.3 Moustache to beard affectedness ratio (moustaches are on the whole smaller, but would largely be within the mask and on some occasions might support side-gaps in mask as well). Within the previous bold insert, tache and/or beard distinction is not relevant

Measuring affectedness by gap area, by solid angle, by air flux, by water flux, and by fluid and kinetic fractions of water flux (the last 2 amount to only one independent parameter).

9.4 Extent of facial obscuration.

Some level of this may be illegal, or elsewise trigger security. Nation by nation law dependent

Some levels, or particular parts of face being obscured, may affect the extent to which a (partially) deaf person can understand a mask wearer. The Independent points to a transparent ask manufacturer already existing. But does steaming up still prevent the mouth from being visible enough?

Note: second ring and beard effects.

10 Affixion modifications.

10.1 E.g. scarves can be made to stay in place using clothing pins to link them or freeze in certain folds.

This refers to how a second ring can be made to cover a mask, not to altering a mask's properties by putting a clothing pin through part of the mask itself.

10.2 It is suggested that masks like todays' may develop rims which are either elastic face fitting or have untearable but pierceable attachment points.

10.3 It is suggested that mask to second ring connections are most effective if rims contain velcro attachment points and second rings contain antivelcro attachments. In this configuration, deployed in the field, the larger second rings cannot grate on the mask. In this configuration, multipack masks could grate on each other, so should be packed with antivelcro over their velcro. It may help for this antivelcro to be in a useable form, e.g. with a sewable back, by which it could be sewn onto the parts of a scarf being used to make a second ring. This way, antivelcro patches would be as common as the velcro masks they bind to.

10.4. More expensive packs of masks could alternate between masks and lightweight second rings with antivelcro already sewn on.

11 Extent of combinability of mask wearing with religious dress.

If a person wears religious face-obscuring dress, some versions of this dress may already block top and side emissions.

Versions may in this context refer here to subtle differences in type of fabric, or shape or tightness of cloth around very specific areas of the face, such as around the cheeks or just under the nose, rather than to religious-dress-type-or-meaning significance.

12 If there is a filter component, it will have a separate list of parameters.

Like filter volume, differential capacity to filter things of different molecular weights, tighness of fit, method of removal, e.g. if unscrewing how many turns it needs, and what intial and subsequent lesser steady torque is needed. It may also have a catch so as to not accidentally unscrew. It has a mass, its own grid size, and both grid material and internal chemical material may be significant as regards what it filters out.

Answers like 'paint fumes', 'chemical fumes more generally' or 'smoke' are not totally irrelevant, as it could be a work mask for essential maintenance, for assembling/disassembling field hospitals and equipment, for the fire brigade, or for detoxification.

Finally, some masks have two filters rather than one: one to either side. This could include a system for replacing one while the other remains in operation, which confers a type of strategic durability and work efficiency that single-filter model ones do not possess.

The extent to which the filter fits is relevant, as is the lifetime of any screw or clip-on mechanism. Toy weapons analogues have been known to have screwcap failure on 30 to 60 hours of use timescale and/or 200 to 300 screw, unscrew sequences. Though being gentle with changing movable parts' configurations can substantially improve lifelength, and some screwcap fails were due to 20 cm long 1-kilo mass moments about the screwcap causing various kinds of mechanical failure, while all parts of a respiratory mask are lightweight.

Remark: the following groups are used to wearing fixed-position face or head coverings, including as regards rough weather durability and fast motion durability and in some cases as regards quickly changing between outfits without affecting the display.

1) Actors

2) Wearers of religious dress

3) Cancer patients

4) Trans* people

5) Anonymous people

6) Undercover agents

Studies of how most of these groups robustly maintain face or head coverings are available, alongside matters such as how to notice something's askew, how to deploy/undeploy efficiently, and necessary upkeep. Representatives of 1), 4) and 5) have already reported for duty

13 Goggle component

Some respiratory masks contain a such.

This has thickness, transparency, surface polish, inner and outer surface material, refractive index, scale of imperfection, hardness, bending strain resistance and shatter-proof resistance.

Also extent of fit, and its own adjustable elastic strap having elasticity parameters as before (but different-valued of course) as well as buckle/affixation parameters, including static friction, dynamic friction and min lengthscale of adjustability. The goggle unit's mass and internal air volume are also relevant.

Our Cat Moods

For instance, the above grid's moods are

Row 1: Smug, cheerful, happy, endearing, embarrassed, crazy, grumpy, intriguing

Row 2: Pensive, thoughtful, concerned, pleading, surprised, jokey, pawsitive, proud, sincere

Row 3: Smiley, Content, appraising, ex’cat’ic, severe, clawsome, te’fur’ic, purrfect, excited

Row 4: Indifferent, cheerful, peaceful, bright, serious, pleasant, conspiring, surprised , confused, sunny

Row 5: Cheeky, warm, delighted, silly, Inquisitive, joyful, Sleepy, innocent, mischievous ;

and the below grid's moods are

row 1 : subjunctive mirative annoyed potential hypothetical pawsessive sad jussive

row 2 : gnomic desiderative permissive alethic prohibitive debitive volitive imprecative irrealis

row 3 : necessitative distrustful declarative hortative interrogative precative deontic irritated

row 4 : speculative admirative (ironically) tired worried aggressive* benedictive energetic presumptive imperative

row 5 : dubitative deductive optative evidential bored propositive cohortative conditional

Most but not all of these are grammatical moods or modalities (other than those in italics)

*yes, this is apparently a Finnish verbal construction!

:P

And they looked up into the evening sky through the plot-conveneiently-placed glass dome and saw Giant Airborne Military Uniforms entirely-coated in almost-never-awarded medals and yet still buoyant from the hot-air tall-tales told within... And Walter Bishop and The Olivia Cross Medal knew they had succeeded in crossing over to the Waltermittynative Reality!

But then they looked up again to see Giant Aerial Ricin Cigarette McGuffins, and they thought themselves transported back to the Walternative Breakingbadniverse! Wexlivia cursed, and yet the cigarettes started to fluff up as it rained poisonedblueflowerjuice darts and they realized they had finally crossed into the Woolternative universe of machiavellian sheep. Owlivia hooted; it was the only form of communication she could muster.

* * *

On this planet, sugaryskeletonarmies and syrupymedusaheadsnakes oppose our brave woolwornauts in their (possibly misguided) search for the palladium anorak...

There was a further setback when Tortoise-bodied and yet Brad-Pitt-headed Achilles was espied blocking our heroes' only remaining escape route with his prodigious carapace-and-personal-make-up-trailer-van.

The Captain Kirk Douglas fan-club gritted their teeth as two more of the members were ossieviscerated by the monotonously-grinning pursuers.

The Cat from Blue Peter impatiently rapped his claws against the vast pineapple-textured shell. "You blocking us on purrpose, or just asleep?" he enquired, as two woolwornauts took it upon themselves to start freehand-climbing up Brad's topography.

With a ponderidudinous rumble, the Tortoise awakened, neck lengthening as eyelids receded.

"Are you Ocean's Eleven or Twelve Monkeys to climb over me like that?" He started in a wounded tone.

"You inglorious…" he spluttered amidstswearing as he noticed the skeletons in hot pursuit, swords a-glinting in the moonlight.

"Benjamin Button running with Scissors!" he exclaimed. "I've not been this surprised since Mrs Smith…"

* * *

One could be an ace of diamonds, hearts, clubs and spades. I guess one could also be an ace of sparkles, kites, parallelograms, rhombuses, squares and trapeziums. Or kidneys, lungs, brains, stomachs, livers, pancreases and spleens. Or clovers, societies, high society, parties, gatherings and events. Or shovels, trowels, garden forks, regular forks, spoons, knives, fish knives, teaspoons.

Or bouillon spoons, added Mr Carson.

Or urigellerified spoons, added someone less sensible.

Or lobeliasackvillebagginspurloined silver spoons! 

Or wands, coins, cups, swords.

Nay, tree branches, gold pieces, chalices, scimitars somewhat misinterpreted a final person.

For dystopias disguised as utopias there’s the dystopia in the ‘Uglies’ book series. There’s also ‘The Hunger Games’ which is a dystopia but I think it could be considered a utopia for the people in the wealthy districts and the capital and similarly the world in the ‘Divergent’ novels. There’s also a couple of doctor who episodes that might count such as ‘Smile’ or ‘The lie of the land’ from series 10, and possibly ‘Orphan 55’ from series 12

The biscuits had started to come alive. First the heart-shaped ones had begun to grow eyes, which blinked a few times before adjusting to the world around them. Then they just lay there, blinking, unable to move or communicate in any other way. Then the rabbits started to wake up, too. Their ears began wobbling up and down, their eyes opening and closing; and soon, they gained control of their legs, and before the hearts could blink again, the baking tray was rattling and shaking from the sound of eight bunnies hopping around excitedly on their newly-discovered limbs. Only one of them stood immobile. It wasn’t like the other ones, it could tell that. Its eyes were smaller, and though it wasn’t aware of this, it knew something was wrong. Because it couldn’t blink. It couldn’t blink, it couldn’t move at all, it could do nothing but stare and stare as the other bunnies hopped around the tray, up and down, backwards and forwards. Except that... no. That’s not all it could do. As it stood there in the middle of the tray, something within it wanted to be let free. Something demanded to be let free. So the bunny opened its mouth – yes, it could open its mouth, it discovered – and a noise came out. The other bunnies stopped hopping. The lonely bunny made the noise again. The others just stared. They stared in silence, eyes wide open, not blinking anymore, before hopping away out of the baking tray until only the hearts remained, blinking silently up towards the sky as the lonely bunny learnt to speak all alone in the silence.

Anthem

Diamond, Club a-a-and Spade,

into battle we purrade.

Wand, Coin, Sword and Cup,

put'em up, put'em up !

[To the music of Totoro opening credits, but rescored for 3 cats treblemewlululating, supported by two Lionesses and a Tiger purritoning]

Motto, Perspective: what it says on our crest.

Relevant parameters for respiratory masks

0 Material composition

0.1 material thickness

0.1 flexibility

0.2 weave structure

0.21 mesh size.

0.3 mask softeness

0.4 mask in an unallergic material

0.5 mask a hostile environment for germs, especially viruses.

[Some surface types and material types have smaller half-lives than others]

0.6 mask waterproofness

0.7 effective mesh size when mask is wet.

0.8 spongicity: weight ratio of absorbed water to dry mask.

1 Unfolded

1.1 size, as quantified by area.

1.2 Unfolded shape: elongation ratio of rectangle.

2. Straps

2.1 unstretched length

2.2 elasticity

2.3 yielding strain

2.4 static and dynamical sags due to each of gravity, motion relative to air, and brushing against other fabrics.

3 Range of possible unfurled mask shapes

3.1 Model the head as an ellipsoid: 2 independent ratios of eigendirections.

3.2 Volume of the nose

3.3 tetrahaedron model of nose shape: 2 independent ratios of eigendirections.

3.3.1 timescale of steaming up of glasses

3.3.2 timescale of which vapour circulates out of glasses.

3.4 Quantification of top gaps

3.5 Quantification of side gaps

3.4.1 and 3.5.1 by area of gaps

3.4.2 and 3.5.2 by solid angle subtended by gaps

3.4.3 and 3.5.3 by slit ratio length/width for each gap.

4 Mask folds: determine how the mask unfurls.

4.1 Fold number

4.2 average width of fold

4.3 top margin to mask height ratio

4.4 bottom margin ditto

4.5 folds up versus folds down: the thicker margin is meant for the chin but the mask doesn't tell you this, at least not visibly.

Idea: temporarily print instructions on some free mass-distributed masks.

Idea: have extensively printed training masks for children (and newcomers, in the event of only some countries doing this, or in the event of social distancing being tied muc more to urban than rural life).

5 Clip component

5.1 Clip material

5.2 clip length

5.3 Parametrization of equilibrium clip shape

5.4 pressure exerted by clip on face

6 Deformation of mask due to presence of clip.

6.1 Suppression factor on 3.3.1 from using a clip component.

7 Wearing a ringed second layer to eliminate side gaps (top gaps are to first approximation taken care of by the nose clip)

8 Alteration of respiratory emission

8.1 Effect on average range

8.2 Effect on droplet size spectrum

8.2.1 Fluid-mechanical to significantly kinetic-theoretical ratio of output, by volume.

8.3 Effect on solid-angle distribution of emission (2 continuous parameters: polar and azimuth)

This can be experimented upon to some extent by coughing in a mask while lying down, to see if visible droplets land on the floor.

And also using a quality-silver handmirror to detect condensation, varying its position with angle. This method can be used to detect breath, by which it can be used to plot out solid angle not covered by a mask. This depends on mask type, face shape and whether a second ring and/or a clip are used. While that is a large parameter space, it is straightforward to sample with low point number and yet adapting the point distribtion to where there is action, e.g. sampling iteratively, and then cluster sampling around where action is observed, by which seeing 90 degree but not 80 or 100 degree emission results in probing 85, 95, 82.5, 92.5, which (this is hypothetical) seeing action results in iterating outward to find the edge of action and then sampling at every 0.2 degrees in the range of action. Note: the mirror is wide enough to get all this on, this is basically centring your instrument on an active direction. This is because handmirrors are around 7 cm across, and vapour detection is a '20 cm range' phenomenon, so basic trig yields that a 5 degree width beam lands entirely on a 3.5 cm radius mirror centred about the beam.

8.4 Further effect on previous 4 of nose clip

8.5 Further effect on previous 4 of ringed second layer.

8.6 Drip transmission rate across mask when mask is wet.

9 Extent to which one can breathe out of the mask

9.1 Oxygen influx

9.2 Carbon dioxide outflux

[Note: this is molecular mass 32 to 44. The material properties of a standard mask are unlikely to distinguish between these, or nitrogen, or, for that matter water vapour. This suggests that aerosol water will get out, but it can't carry viruses attached to it: that needs a droplet bigger than the virus, and the mesh size, material thickness can stop that.]

9.3 equilibrium vapour pressure inside mask compartment

9.3.1 effect on breathing efficiency of this vapour pressure.

Measurement: test subject runner is losing 2/3rds of running range due to this effect, citing it as similar to 'wet suffocating air as sometimes experienced in rainforests'

9.3.1.1 Timescale of dispersal of water vapour from mask (amounting to 'taking a pit-stop with mask off in absense of passers-by)

9.3.1.2 Timescale on which a runner needs to make pitstops so as to not appreciably lose running range.

9.3.1.3 Average speed loss if a standard cyclist performs same manoeuvre (the runner is barely affected by the manoeuvre: several seconds loss of arm momentum)

10 Effect of facial hair on mask performance.

9.1 Beard length

9.2 Beard hair flexibility

9.3 Beard density

9.4 Beard hair curl (parametrized by helical ratio).

[Experiment called for: investigate exactly how a beard affects statics, and then dynamics, of mask wearing.

Experiment called for: since some people have strong reasons not to shave their beards, whether second ring type approaches can stabilize the overall mask, and downward fluxes in the presence of a beard.

9.3 Moustache to beard affectedness ratio (moustaches are on the whole smaller, but would largely be within the mask and on some occasions might support side-gaps in mask as well).

Measuring affectedness by gap area, by solid angle, by air flux, by water flux, and by fluid and kinetic fractions of water flux (the last 2 amount to only one independent parameter).

9.4 Extent of facial obscuration.

Some level of this may be illegal, or elsewise trigger security.

Some levels, or particular parts of face being obscured, may affect the extent to which a (partially) deaf person can understand a mask wearer.

Note: second ring and beard effects.

10 Affixion modifications.

10.1 E.g. scarves can be made to stay in place using clothing pins to link them or freeze in certain folds.

This refers to how a second ring can be made to cover a mask, not to altering a mask's properties by putting a clothing pin through part of the mask itself.

10.2 It is suggested that masks like todays' may develop rims which are either elastic face fitting or have untearable but pierceable attachment points.

10.3 It is suggested that mask to second ring connections are most effective if rims contain velcro attachment points and second rings contain antivelcro attachments. In this configuration, deployed in the field, the larger second rings cannot grate on the mask. In this configuration, multipack masks could grate on each other, so should be packed with antivelcro over their velcro. It may help for this antivelcro to be in a useable form, e.g. with a sewable back, by which it could be sewn onto the parts of a scarf being used to make a second ring. This way, antivelcro patches would be as common as the velcro masks they bind to.

10.4. More expensive packs of masks could alternate between masks and lightweight second rings with antivelcro already sewn on.

10.5 Such lightweight second rings should be

11 Extent of combinability of mask wearing with religious dress.

If a person wears religious face-obscuring dress, some versions of this dress may already block top and side emissions.

Versions may in this context refer here to subtle differences in type of fabric, or shape or tightness of cloth around very specific areas of the face, such as around the cheeks or just under the nose, rather than to religious-dress-type-or-meaning significance.

12 If there is a filter component, it will have a separate list of parameters.

Remark: the following groups are used to wearing fixed-position face or head coverings, including as regards rough weather durability and fast motion durability and in some cases as regards quickly changing between outfits without affecting the display.

1) Actors

2) Wearers of religious dress

3) Cancer patients

4) Trans* people

5) Anonymous people

6) Undercover agents

Studies of how most of these groups robustly maintain face or head coverings are available, alongside matters such as how to notice something's askew, how to deploy/undeploy efficiently, and necessary upkeep.

Our virtual Pimm's tent

Our one is in the shape of a Virtual Puritan's Hat! It is run by the (so-not-virtual) Pelby-and-Naseby College Virtual History Society, as an act of virtual worship of virtual John Pym, and of the virtual causes of the virtual English virtual civil virtual war more generally.

It contains no virtual alcohol because virtual-Puritans. It does however contain some virtual-Popish virtual-plots, the virtual-king's virtual-arrogance in virtual-attempting to virtual-shoehorn virtual-war virtual-taxes through virtual-Parliament, and the virtual increase in the virtual-mercantile-classes' virtual influence in the virtual-Commons. Virtual-divine virtual-right is virtually-if-not-virtuously brandished, to virtual-vitriolic-groans that this is not virtual-France nor is he some kind of virtual-Louis. Virtual-Prince virtual-Rupert of the virtual-Rhine is virtually-invited to virtually-lead the virtual-Monarch but actual-Despot's virtual forces of virtual-Cavaliers, in virtual-wigs with virtual-sabres and virtually-multicoloured virtual-sashes and virtual-hatfeathers. Virtual-Roundheads, virtual-sheep-pledgers-thereto, and a virtual-'Lord Protector' with virtual-warts-and-all are still virtually-nowhere to be seen.

The virtual-royal standard is virtual-raised in virtually-Royalist virtual Nottingham, and some minor virtual-skirmishes start to occur in the virtual-West-Country (mostly virtually-razing properties virtually-isolated from their virtual factions' main forces).

Cake-r-us

Mushroom-free badgers

Have completed all sections so far

Deep points about similarities and differences between Don Quixote and the poem in Section A.

Kindly and Silly notes ideas.

Wordbuilding

Worldbuilding

Figured out that Lego Downton Abbey's floorplan could only have one free parameter.

Laughed gently when the parameter was set to 1 and this resulted in there not being enough space to lay out the main staircase.

Thereafter, the parameter was set to its most accurate rendition (modulo the discreteness of Lego blocks).

Note: our Lego Downton Abbey is built in proportion to Lego figures: it's the same size relative to Lego figurines, such as Lego Mr Bates, as the actual Abbey (Highclere Castle) is to people.

Our Lego Downton Abbey is the Lego-realizable fundamental cell, meaning a square quarter, as opposed to the non-Lego-realizable triangular half of that.

More specifically, it is the front-right quarter, so as to include a) the main entrance, not only for its own heraldic sake but also because Lady Sybil's room is above that; her carpet is in the form of the Red Cross, so anyone entering is Under the Aegis of the Red Cross (another scav hunt item). b) The iconic dining room.

With: the most architecturally interesting portions doubled-to-whole: main staircase: all red-carpeted, bannistered, and Set About with Ancestral Paintings, and quadrupled to whole: the Saloon that was a monks' courtyard centuries before the house.

Quadrupling the Saloon, they noted, would permit a 1-wall sample of the Library and of the rooms along the back of the house (music, drawing).

One-Up Lego Hogwarts Award for 'the Saloon needst be on hinges for accessible interior decorating and more display positions. 3 of its faces: dining room-and-entrance-hall, library, back rooms, can be bent into a straight line by these hinges. While the fourth side splits by a separate hinge so as to see and get into the main staircase. The entrance hall to dining room interstix is also to be articulated.'

Lego Barry Award for designing Lego Downton Abbey's facade, using 90 degree turns, beige platforms and then smooth surface bricks.

Figured out how to give Lego Downton Abbey's Saloon a glass ceiling (inspired by the Glass Gardens of Winterfell, are you?) And 200-point bonus for insisting Butterfly-Sybil be perched {\it on top of} said glass ceiling, 'as a future 3-time Prime Minister'.

Incidentally, the slanted glass ceiling is on hinges. It is based on the shop window piece being the same width as the 'unit lattice cell' of the Abbey (6 squares).

Gave a comparison between wholesome and mindful :)

Also gave an intersection between wholesome and 'their own lexicon of known icebreaker activities' :S

Bonus points for giving a scientific subspecies name to each of the many pictures of Walruses judges have been presented with!

Their Vanguard is composed of Pipecleaner Tortoises...

Most outlandish suggestions for what 'wholesome' is :)

Made Lego Downton Abbey's paintings be alive...

Distorted history justification for the form taken by Living Painting of Charles I in Leg Downton Abbey's dining hall.

Installed an 'neverending hedgerow of violets' in honour of Granny.

Bakey, Bakey, Duelly, Bakey...

If at First you Don't Succeed, Try Again award.

Silliness

Tactical Acumen

Girl Power.

Transformation of the Bride, with Transformers: Robots in Disguise (as College Gates) flowing inevitably into the Charge of the Rohirrim into the Discworld Elephants, Descent of the Witch King, and culminating in Eowyn's heroism.

Chekhov's Hanzo Blade fuliminates the nominal section, assisted by Cadsuane's Hair Ornaments one-upping of Chekhov's Earring!

Dinosaur Extinction effectuated, Discworld done. Dodecahaedron, passable. Icosahaedron and buckyball are somewhet coarse-grained Death Stars. With 2 or 3 lasers to 1-up Chekhov's Death Star.

All four Listeny Sections down.

All three Duelly sections down.

Both Lego sections (Art and Engineering) completed, with a good spinor made out of Lego :S but only a terrible dodecahaedron, icosahaedron, buckyball or Mandelbrot set. Largest Witch King's flail by all criteria except pure length (that one goes to Spartacus' item doubling as longest bridge ^,_,^ ).

'Redoing Lobachevsky in 10 other countries' was done here in Wonderland, the Mirror World, the Discworld, Jurassic World, the Mr Men Universe, the Gulliver's Travels Universe, the Little Prince's Universe, Flatland, and Teletubbyland. And, of course, the Universe Inside John Malkovich's Head.

[Is plagiarism even possible in a Universe in which everybody is John Malkowich? Paradox points!]

Female Superheroes Only version of the Ultimate Showdown.

Completed every section, sometimes minimalistically, and excluding the first section that was 1000 points max, for which they just got the 1000 points without section completion.

To the obvious music our lyrics start with...

Sheeeeeeeeeeeeeeeep triple silence

draw me a sheeeeeeep triple silence

said a little voice a lil

voice a little voice a lil

voice a little voice a lil

voice a little voice a lil

Prince was standing-there -Extraordinaire!-

draw me a sheeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee-

eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeep!

aaaa sheeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee-

eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeep? ...

Cygriffind'or Wins!

Epic Music

Major carnage with Global-Analytic park: the Items Section on Dinosaurs cloning Mathematicians going badly wrong for the Dinosaurs. Including group picture of the Bourbakis in T-Rex form :)

Section completion on 'Chekhov's Arsenal'

All four Listeny sections presented

All three Duelly sections down.

Cheapass Transport Section Takedown.

Breaking Bad as a Chekhov Paradise, with some Game of Thrones and Harry Potter support.

Our King was Poincatheah, as slowly murdered by the Bourbakis using a pictureless, applicationless series of Mathematics Textbooks from the 1950s onward. Featuring a mixture of Mathmos, T-Rex Hybrids, Scav Hunt Team Names, and actual Kingkiller Chronicles characters. The Name of the Wind would appear to be 'Topology' and with plenty of pictures and applications too.